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# How to build a wall?
Firstly you need to make the Mud bricks, for that you put the mud into the brick frame and then allow thw bricks to dry under the sun for 21 days.

Mud Brick frame is available in two sizes:
a) 6” x 1’-0”
b) 6” x 6”

Then over the cill level you start building the wall from the mud bricks and the mortar used for mud bricks is of mud.

# How to do the plaster on the mud walls?

For plastering you need Mud, Sand, Husk, Gobar(Cow dung).

For First Layer :

• +The maximum quantity is of mud that is 70% and others are only 30%.
• +The breakage of 30% is for that you put 50% of sand, 30% of cow dung, 20% of husk.

Before mixing all the materials you should filter the mud with 0.6” x 0.6” wire mesh for first layer.

Then apply it on the wall before applying the wall should be suficiently wet so that it holds the mixture very well.

After applying the mixture on the wall it should be dried for upto 4 -5 days, when the cracks are visible then apply the second layer over that.

Note:

• You should be aware of the fact that before applying the mixture on the wall we should make the wall wet so that it holds the plaster properly.
• When the cracks are visible then only put the second layer.
• The plastering on the wall should be done by wooden member.

For Second Layer:

• +In the second layer you need 50% of mud and 50% of cow dung.
• +This mixture will be less thicker than the previous one.

Before mixing these two, this time you need to filter the mud from a very small opening wire mesh so that it will be filtered properly.Then mix these two and apply it on the wall.Put the mixture on the wall so that the cracks can be filled properly.The thickness of the second layer is approx. 1/6 of the first layer.

Note:

• The mud you are using in the second layer should be more refined so that it will mix properly.
• If after applying the second layer the cracks are visible after drying only then you need to apply the third layer.

For Third Layer

• +For the third layer you need 50%-60% of cow dung and 30%-40% of mud.
• +For this layer you need to add more water and the mud used is much more filtered so that it wil fill up all the cracks that are coming in the second layer.

LIke in the first and second layer put some water over the second layer and apply the third layer over it and allow it to dry properly.

Note:

1. If the cracks don’t appear in after the second layer then there is no need for the third layer.
2. For the third layer the amount of water for the mixture should be higher than of the other two layers so that it can fill the cracks properly.

Final Steps:

Finally after applying all the layers you can apply any colour on the wall or you can apply a very thin layer of cow dung on the wall.

Wood Work (Carpentry)

For wood work you should always keep in mind that it should not be infected by the termites or any of the insects so for that we should do all the measures for protecting it from these.

For that we put the wood into the kiln there we smoke the wood so that it will get properly seasoned and then we apply sligum oil for protecting it from the insects.

Special hammer for slate driling	Special hammer for making chachra

Roofing

For roofing we have to work in the following steps:

Step 1- Firstly we wil put the beam of the wooden sleepers over it and that should be supported on the corners of the wall.The design of the frame should depend upon the load coming oner the slab.The distance between sleeper to sleeper will depend upon the load over your slab and the span of your room.

Step 2- Above the sleepers make the frame of the bamboos for the support.The distance between them varies from 3’-4’ it depends upon the load over the slab.

Step 3- After that we will make chachra from the bamboo and place that chachra over the bamboo frame, chachra will provide a base to the slab and the chachra should be tied properly with the other one.

Step 4- Over the chachra put a very thin layer of cement concrete mixture of about 1.5” in thickness with the wire mesh (of 0.6” x 0.6” openings) so that the slab will be gripped properly.

Final Steps
+You can put a floor of slate tile or the floor you desire.

Note:
If the load is not coming over the slab then you just fix the slate tiles over the wooden frame by drlling it and fixing it with the nails. Frame of the tile for roofing may vary as per the size of the tile.

DOORS and WINDOWS

Cill level of the window should be same for all the windows and that depends upon the foundation i.e. at 2’-6” then your window will start from that level and the lintel level is same for the door and of the windows that is 7’-0”.

The frame of the window and the door should be extended from the corners of about 3” so that it will be fixed properly into the wall.

Chimney

Firstly you should decide the location and the openings of the chimney for exausting of the smoke t you need 5” G.I pipe to be putted into the wall, the pipe starts above 5’-0” from the floor level below there is openings for any purpose you want to and before the pipe starts there is a damper which is for not allowing the heat to move out of the pipe. From the cooking area to the damper there is a small bend so that there will be very less heat loss.

Notes :

• +If there is a need for an extension in your foundation then you can go for the shallow foundation for which you have to dug 18” or you can provide extra bars for that. +In the staircase the edges are either it should be of the wood or it can be of the rubber.
• +In the staircase the first step of the staircase and the last step of the staircase should be equal. If theres only one step then you should either narrow the opening or you should paint it with some different colourso that the step can be visble to everyone.
• +Gas area in your kitchen should be far away from the chimney or of the cooking area. +The corners of the walls should be chamfered so that it will hurt anyone.
• +Where there need to overlap the mud over the mud or the mud over anything then you can put it over the wire mesh so that it will gripped properly. +When you will put the slate tiles over your roof then you should check all the tiles that the layers into the tile should be in a sloping way.
• +For plastering in the Bathroom area or any wet area we can use the mixture of cement, sand and mud in which 50% is of cement and 25% is of sand and 25% is of mud by this you can save the amount of cement used in your building.
• +You don’t need any expansion joint if you are making a mud building. +Beams on the outer wall and on the inner wall should be connected properly.
• +The load of the wooden members or of the wooden beams should be put on the concrete beams so that it will transfer the load of the roof through a steel bar column. +We use single steel bar columns on the corners of dia 9” x 9” for safety measures.
• +If the soil quality is more clayley then you should add more sand with the mixture. +Cow dung will make the mixture softer.
• +You can put a single brick layer over the wooden member and a very thin layer of cement over the bricks for making of the gable. +A wire mesh and a thin layer of cement should be put over the chachra for water proofing.
• +You can give nishes on that wall where there is no beams or any load coming over the wall.

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